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The importance of materials for Space applications Space is a really harsh environment, not only for astronauts but also for materials. Radiations, atomic oxygen, outgassing, debris and micrometeorites, high and low temperatures are the main problems materials for Space applications have to deal with. For this reason, a structure that wants to stay in Space has to be made with some specific materials, such that it can guarantee mechanical and functional properties and protect astronauts. Let's describe all these problems more in detail and see which are the main adopted solutions. Radiation Radiations represent the most famous problem in Space related to astronauts health. In fact, materials for Space applications have to be able to protect astronauts but also to maintain their mechanical and functional properties. Radiations are divided into two main categories: UV radiations and ionizing radiations .  UV radiation UV radiation has a really detrimental effect on polymeric

What's the role of Artificial Intelligence in Space applications ? As we have seen in other articles, the general role of Artificial Intelligence is that of optimizing some functions to be able to perform them with the minimum error or adapt some behaviours of a machine to an unpredictable situation, namely, a situation that is difficult to be predicted during the design phase and that gives us some uncertainties. The role of Artificial Intelligence in Space application is exactly the same: it is used to optimize some functions, performance, adapting a machine to unpredictable, uncertain conditions. In this article, I will present a particular example of how Artificial Intelligence in Space applications is used. In particular, we will see how an automatic lander for comet/asteroids works, adapting itself to really uncertain conditions, difficult to predict during the design phase. A brief introduction to asteroids landings The history of landings on asteroids is not muc

Introduction to airplane accident  Airplane accidents have guided aviation to improve airplanes over time. The analysis of these catastrophic events revealed weaknesses in airplanes design and gave a better understanding of the phenomenona that can lead to airplane accident. For this reason, each airplane accident had a key role in regulamentations (FFAR) updates and design choices, to make the probability of an airplane accident extremely remote. In this article, I will present one of the most famous airplane accident with an incredible lucky end. The luckiest airplane accident: Boeing 737, Aloha Airlines 243 The Boeing 737 of Aloha Airlines 243 flight, 28 April 1988 is the most famous airplane accident in the history of Aeronautics. The accident happened at an altitude of 7300m An entire part of the fuselage was lost due to a crack propagated from fatigue loads (cyclic loads) generated by pressurization cycles, the so-called GAG (Ground-Air-Ground) cycles. The fracture was born

The Importance of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing The impact of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing is huge. Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing allows optimizing the public who will see products and services that a vendor wants to sell. It allows contents and advertisements to reach a potential buyer in a very targeted way. In particular, we are talking about Machine Learning, the branch of Artificial Intelligence whose algorithms are based on possessing a sufficient (usually big... so big!) amount of data.  As we know, all Internet services like Google, Facebook Ads and so on have a big database in which navigation data about every person that signed up are contained. All this data give the possibility to the algorithms to target a specific potential buyer. In this article I will give a general and simple idea of how Artificial Intelligence in Digital Marketing works, explaining why understanding it could be really helpful to take bett

Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning There is not a real difference between Artificial Intelligence vs Machine Learning . Artificial Intelligence is, in general, the science whose goal is to optimize a machine to do better what it does, executing an algorithm whose aim is to minimize errors. This is possible through continuous measurements, by sensors, of the performance of the machine, or, in other words, of what the machine is doing and how well is doing it. This is why this science is called Artificial Intelligence: the machine is like to be conscious of what it is doing. But actually, it is not, there is nothing really intelligent. We will see later some examples that will better clarify this introduction. Machine Learning Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence.  Machine Learning implements algorithms whose objective is to automatically find out the best answer to a request, namely, to answer with the minimum error.  How? Based on

What is Metal Additive Manufacturing Additive Manufacturing is a technology that allows creating objects adding material layer by layer. In Metal Additive Manufacturing the material involved is metal. There are different types of Metal Additive Manufacturing. Here the most important are reported. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Metal Additive Manufacturing   Directed Energy Deposition is composed of a head from where a laser, or an electron or a plasma ray exits. On the head, a pressurized system is installed, from where metal powder is ejected in a way that hits the ray and melting occurs. Both the head and component can move. It is possible to use, instead of powder, a filament, cheaper but that gives lower quality. Powder Bed Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing In Powder Bed Fusion , a bed of powder is deposited and material is melted only where necessary. Once the material is melted, another layer of powder is deposited, and so on. Depending on th